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Essentially all can be used from JavaScript to C, going through the ones mentioned in the question, and obviously C++, Delphi, Python and others, makes no sense to list all.Then we fall into the type of application you will use, Windows is very libertarian and allows every type, for each type there will be a more appropriate language. I'll focus on GUI.Web GUIIf you use JavaScript you can do to run on the same web, in a browser, https://pt.stackoverflow.com/q/153860/101 , https://pt.stackoverflow.com/q/426505/101 in other application or something that supports web technologies such as https://pt.stackoverflow.com/q/96279/101 . Some will say that this is to do for web and not for Windows, but if it runs on Windows is for Windows and is doing GUI.Scripts and dependentsVarious languages script can be used to do various tasks, but if you create a desktop application with GUI complicates a bit. It is not that they do not allow, but https://pt.stackoverflow.com/q/107280/101 . Some leave well to wish, like JS if it is native GUI, the PHP that has as but https://pt.stackoverflow.com/a/133375/101 , and others because it has the problem of having to send all scripts instead of sending an executable so it seems to be a concern (some even have some way Python does).For GUI Java never got along very well because it looks like a duck (walks, nothing and flies, no good), runs on all platforms but at all does not run well, but at all https://pt.stackoverflow.com/q/52644/101 .No installationIf you really want only the executable has to think of languages as https://pt.stackoverflow.com/q/80324/101 , https://pt.stackoverflow.com/q/134027/101 , Rust, Go, Delphi, and even Moon or https://pt.stackoverflow.com/q/43902/101 (I know that almost nobody uses, but it is used and I like to quote) depending on how you do.Of course it makes little sense to use C for a lot of complex GUI stuff. Go or even Rust has no usage history with GUI. Delphi owns and nowadays this is a problem, but has good GUI. C++ is not for anyone working. Each one has a problem.Qt is a widely used library and see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_language_bindings_for_Qt_4 for her who therefore make these languages candidates for the task described in the question. Qt is one of the most interesting, although I think she has been taking a tricky course, improved on several points, but it stagnated on another and worsened on some.Other framework used is the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_language_bindings_for_wxWidgets , see the list bindings.I won't list all frameworks even because some are little used, many are very poorly usable despite the language supporting it in a binding, would have to do a deep analysis on each. If you want you have one https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_widget_toolkits (not included frameworks that run over them)..NET fits well because Microsoft makes it flagship for GUI, but even there you have difficulty choosing because we have 3 official options (Windows Forms, WPF and WinUI) and https://pt.stackoverflow.com/q/226539/101 (some work out of Windows or work over the native GUI of the platform that is running).There are some products that run on various platforms, including Windows, an example of Microsoft itself is https://pt.stackoverflow.com/q/90871/101 .Among these it is possible to use the pure Win32 API for GUI but literally no one does it, it is not something palatable and it is not even considered a real option.And .NET no longer needs to be installed on the machine to work. Actually https://pt.stackoverflow.com/q/385594/101 . So C# is one of the most used and VB.NET was considered, but it has no future. F# or other languages surrounding .NET can be used, but in practice they are not.ConclusionBut I can't help saying that language doesn't matter but the ecosystem around them, that's what will define what's interesting for this task or not, you choose the ecosystem around them. framework that will use and there sees the best language for the task.See https://pt.stackoverflow.com/q/284715/101 and https://pt.stackoverflow.com/q/136702/101 .